Propolis: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

Abdel-Fattah, N. S. and Nada, O. H. Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis. J Egypt.Soc Parasitol. 2007;37(2 Suppl):691-710. View abstract.

Ahn, M. R., Kunimasa, K., Ohta, T., Kumazawa, S., Kamihira, M., Kaji, K., Uto, Y., Hori, H., Nagasawa, H., and Nakayama, T. Suppression of tumor-induced angiogenesis by Brazilian propolis: major component artepillin C inhibits in vitro tube formation and endothelial cell proliferation. Cancer Lett 7-18-2007;252(2):235-243. View abstract.

Al Shaher, A., Wallace, J., Agarwal, S., Bretz, W., and Baugh, D. Effect of propolis on human fibroblasts from the pulp and periodontal ligament. J Endod. 2004;30(5):359-361. View abstract.

Almas, K., Mahmoud, A., and Dahlan, A. A comparative study of propolis and saline application on human dentin. A SEM study. Indian J Dent.Res 2001;12(1):21-27. View abstract.

Amoros, M., Simoes, C. M., Girre, L., Sauvager, F., and Cormier, M. Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. J Nat Prod. 1992;55(12):1732-1740. View abstract.

Angelini, G., Vena, G. A., and Meneghini, C. L. Psoriasis and contact allergy to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17(4):251-253. View abstract.

Ayala, F., Lembo, G., Nappa, P., and et al. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12(3):181-182. View abstract.

Azad, A. A. Novel drugs and vaccines based on the structure and function of HIV pathogenic proteins including Nef. Ann N Y.Acad Sci 2005;1056:279-292. View abstract.

Bankova, V., Marcucci, M. C., Simova, S., and et al. Antibacterial diterpenic acids from Brazilian propolis. Z Naturforsch [C.] 1996;51(5-6):277-280. View abstract.

Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I. K., and et al. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):239-246. View abstract.

Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I. K., and et al. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):239-246. View abstract.

Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., and Kadota, S. Two novel cytotoxic benzofuran derivatives from Brazilian propolis. J Nat.Prod. 2000;63(9):1277-1279. View abstract.

Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Prasain, J. K., and et al. Chemical constituents of Brazilian propolis and their cytotoxic activities. J Nat.Prod. 1998;61(7):896-900. View abstract.

Bellegrandi, S., D'Offizi, G., Ansotegui, I. J., and et al. Propolis allergy in an HIV-positive patient. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1996;35(4):644. View abstract.

Bestwick, C. S. and Milne, L. Influence of galangin on HL-60 cell proliferation and survival. Cancer Lett 11-8-2006;243(1):80-89. View abstract.

Bezuglyi, B. S. [Effect of the Propomix preparation on corneal regeneration]. Oftalmol.Zh. 1980;35(1):48-52. View abstract.

Black, R. J. Vulval eczema associated with propolis sensitization from topical therapies treated successfully with pimecrolimus cream. Clin Exp.Dermatol. 2005;30(1):91-92. View abstract.

Bosio, K., Avanzini, C., D'Avolio, A., and et al. In vitro activity of propolis against Streptococcus pyogenes. Lett Appl.Microbiol. 2000;31(2):174-177. View abstract.

Botushanov, P. I., Grigorov, G. I., and Aleksandrov, G. A. A clinical study of a silicate toothpaste with extract from propolis. Folia Med (Plovdiv.) 2001;43(1-2):28-30. View abstract.

Boyanova, L., Kolarov, R., Gergova, G., and Mitov, I. In vitro activity of Bulgarian propolis against 94 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobe. 2006;12(4):173-177. View abstract.

Brailo, V., Boras, V. V., Alajbeg, I., and Juras, V. Delayed contact sensitivity on the lips and oral mucosa due to propolis-case report. Med Oral Patol.Oral Cir.Bucal. 2006;11(4):E303-E304. View abstract.

Bratter, C., Tregel, M., Liebenthal, C., and et al. [Prophylactic effectiveness of propolis for immunostimulation: a clinical pilot study]. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999;6(5):256-260. View abstract.

Brumfitt, W., Hamilton-Miller, J. M., and Franklin, I. Antibiotic activity of natural products: 1. Propolis. Microbios 1990;62(250):19-22. View abstract.

Burdock, G. A. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36(4):347-363. View abstract.

Cardile, V., Panico, A., Gentile, B., Borrelli, F., and Russo, A. Effect of propolis on human cartilage and chondrocytes. Life Sci. 7-11-2003;73(8):1027-1035. View abstract.

Celli, N., Dragani, L. K., Murzilli, S., Pagliani, T., and Poggi, A. In vitro and in vivo stability of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a bioactive compound of propolis. J Agric Food Chem 5-2-2007;55(9):3398-3407. View abstract.

Chen, C. N., Wu, C. L., and Lin, J. K. Apoptosis of human melanoma cells induced by the novel compounds propolin A and propolin B from Taiwenese propolis. Cancer Lett 1-8-2007;245(1-2):218-231. View abstract.

Chen, T. G., Lee, J. J., Lin, K. H., Shen, C. H., Chou, D. S., and Sheu, J. R. Antiplatelet activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester is mediated through a cyclic GMP-dependent pathway in human platelets. Chin J Physiol 6-30-2007;50(3):121-126. View abstract.

Cirasino, L., Pisati, A., and Fasani, F. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1987;16(2):110-111. View abstract.

Claus, R., Kinscherf, R., Gehrke, C., and et al. Antiapoptotic effects of propolis extract and propol on human macrophages exposed to minimally modified low density lipoprotein. Arzneimittelforschung 2000;50(4):373-379. View abstract.

Coelho, L. G., Bastos, E. M., Resende, C. C., Paula e Silva CM, Sanches, B. S., de Castro, F. J., Moretzsohn, L. D., Vieira, W. L., and Trindade, O. R. Brazilian green propolis on Helicobacter pylori infection. a pilot clinical study. Helicobacter. 2007;12(5):572-574. View abstract.

Cohen, H. A., Varsano, I., Kahan, E., Sarrell, E. M., and Uziel, Y. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch.Pediatr.Adolesc.Med. 2004;158(3):217-221. View abstract.

Crisan, I., Zaharia, C. N., Popovici, F., and et al. Natural propolis extract NIVCRISOL in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinopharyngitis in children. Rom.J Virol. 1995;46(3-4):115-133. View abstract.

Cushnie, T. P. and Lamb, A. J. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob.Agents 2005;26(5):343-356. View abstract.

De Vecchi, E. and Drago, L. [Propolis' antimicrobial activity: what's new?]. Infez.Med 2007;15(1):7-15. View abstract.

Debiaggi, M., Tateo, F., Pagani, L., and et al. Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication. Microbiologica 1990;13(3):207-213. View abstract.

Downs, A. M. and Sansom, J. E. Occupational contact dermatitis due to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(6):359-360. View abstract.

Dumitrescu, M., Crisan, I., and Esanu, V. [The mechanism of the antiherpetic action of an aqueous propolis extract. II. The action of the lectins of an aqueous propolis extract]. Rev Roum.Virol. 1993;44(1-2):49-54. View abstract.

Eley, B. M. Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque--a review. Br Dent.J 3-27-1999;186(6):286-296. View abstract.

Feiks FK. Topical application of propolis tincture in the treatment of herpes zoster. Third International Symposium on Apitherapy 1978;109-111.

Focht, J., Hansen, S. H., Nielsen, J. V., and et al. Bactericidal effect of propolis in vitro against agents causing upper respiratory tract infections. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43(8):921-923. View abstract.

Freitas, S. F., Shinohara, L., Sforcin, J. M., and Guimaraes, S. In vitro effects of propolis on Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. Phytomedicine 2006;13(3):170-175. View abstract.

Garcia M. Allergic contact dermatitis from beeswax nipple-protective. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:440-441.

Garrido, Fernandez S., Lasa, Luaces E., Echechipia, Modaz S., Arroabarren, Aleman E., Anda, Apinaniz M., and Tabar Purroy, A. I. Allergic contact stomatitis due to therapeutic propolis. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50(5):321. View abstract.

Gebaraa, E. C., Pustiglioni, A. N., de Lima, L. A., and Mayer, M. P. Propolis extract as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2003;1(1):29-35. View abstract.

Georgieva, P., Ivanovska, N., Bankova, V., and et al. Anticomplement activity of lysine complexes of propolis phenolic constituents and their synthetic analogs. Z Naturforsch [C.] 1997;52(1-2):60-64. View abstract.

Grange, J. M. and Davey, R. W. Antibacterial properties of propolis (bee glue). J R.Soc Med 1990;83(3):159-160. View abstract.

Gulbahar, O., Ozturk, G., Erdem, N., Kazandi, A. C., and Kokuludag, A. Psoriasiform contact dermatitis due to propolis in a beekeeper. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94(4):509-511. View abstract.

Hartwich, A., Legutko, J., and Wszolek, J. [Propolis: its properties and administration to patients treated for some surgical diseases]. Przegl.Lek. 2000;57(4):191-194. View abstract.

Hausen, B. M. and Wollenweber, E. Propolis allergy. (III). Sensitization studies with minor constituents. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19(4):296-303. View abstract.

Hausen, B. M., Wollenweber, E., Senff, H., and et al. Propolis allergy. (II). The sensitizing properties of 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17(3):171-177. View abstract.

Havsteen, B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem.Pharmacol 4-1-1983;32(7):1141-1148. View abstract.

Heo, M. Y., Sohn, S. J., and Au, W. W. Anti-genotoxicity of galangin as a cancer chemopreventive agent candidate. Mutat.Res 2001;488(2):135-150. View abstract.

Higashi, K. O. and de Castro, S. L. Propolis extracts are effective against Trypanosoma cruzi and have an impact on its interaction with host cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 7-8-1994;43(2):149-155. View abstract.

Hirota, M., Matsuno, T., Fujiwara, T., and et al. Enhanced cytotoxicity in a Z-photoisomer of a benzopyran derivative of propolis. J Nat.Prod. 2000;63(3):366-370. View abstract.

Hladon, B., Bylka, W., Ellnain-Wojtaszek, M., and et al. In vitro studies on the cytostatic activity of propolis extracts. Arzneimittelforschung 1980;30(11):1847-1848. View abstract.

Hsu, C. Y., Chiang, W. C., Weng, T. I., Chen, W. J., and Yuan, A. Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis. Am J Emerg.Med 2004;22(5):432-433. View abstract.

Ikeno, K., Ikeno, T., and Miyazawa, C. Effects of propolis on dental caries in rats. Caries Res 1991;25(5):347-351. View abstract.

Imhof, M., Lipovac, M., Kurz, Ch, Barta, J., Verhoeven, H. C., and Huber, J. C. Propolis solution for the treatment of chronic vaginitis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;89(2):127-132. View abstract.

Jasprica, I., Mornar, A., Debeljak, Z., Smolcic-Bubalo, A., Medic-Saric, M., Mayer, L., Romic, Z., Bucan, K., Balog, T., Sobocanec, S., and Sverko, V. In vivo study of propolis supplementation effects on antioxidative status and red blood cells. J Ethnopharmacol 4-4-2007;110(3):548-554. View abstract.

Jesus, L. M., Abreu, P. R., Almeida, M. C., Brito, L. C., Soares, S. F., de Souza, D. E., Bernardo, L. C., Fonseca, A. S., and Bernardo-Filho, M. A propolis extract and the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m. Acta Biol Hung 2006;57(2):191-200. View abstract.

Junghans, V., Geier, J., and Fuchs, T. Allergy to propolis caused by beeswax-containing ointment. Am.J.Contact Dermat. 2002;13(2):87. View abstract.

Khalil, M. L. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac.J Cancer Prev. 2006;7(1):22-31. View abstract.

Kimoto, T., Aga, M., Hino, K., and et.al. Apoptosis of human leukemia cells induced by Artepillin C, an active ingredient of Brazilian propolis. Anticancer Res 2001;21(1A):221-228. View abstract.

Kleinhans, D. Airborne contact dermatitis due to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17(3):187-188. View abstract.

Kokelj, F. and Trevisan, G. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9(6):518. View abstract.

Korkina, L. G. Phenylpropanoids as naturally occurring antioxidants: from plant defense to human health. Cell Mol.Biol (Noisy.-le-grand) 2007;53(1):15-25. View abstract.

Kosenko, S. V. and Kosovich, T. I. [The treatment of periodontitis with prolonged-action propolis preparations (clinical x-ray research)]. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 1990;69(2):27-29. View abstract.

Kuo, H. C., Kuo, W. H., Lee, Y. J., Wang, C. J., and Tseng, T. H. Enhancement of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 10-1-2006;216(1):80-88. View abstract.

Liao, H. F., Chen, Y. Y., Liu, J. J., Hsu, M. L., Shieh, H. J., Liao, H. J., Shieh, C. J., Shiao, M. S., and Chen, Y. J. Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-31-2003;51(27):7907-7912. View abstract.

Lu, Y., Wu, C., and Yuan, Z. Determination of hesperetin, cinnamic acid and nicotinic acid in propolis with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Fitoterapia 2004;75(3-4):267-276. View abstract.

Mahmoud, A. S., Almas, K., and Dahlan, A. A. The effect of propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Indian J Dent.Res 1999;10(4):130-137. View abstract.

Maichuk, I. F., Orlovskaia, L. E., and Andreev, V. P. [The use of ocular drug films of propolis in the sequelae of ophthalmic herpes]. Voen.Med Zh. 1995;12:36-9, 80. View abstract.

Martinez, Silveira G., Gou, Godoy A., Ona, Torriente R., and et al. [Preliminary study of the effects of propolis in the treatment of chronic gingivitis and oral ulceration]. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 1988;25(3):36-44. View abstract.

Melliou, E. and Chinou, I. Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Greek propolis. Planta Med 2004;70(6):515-519. View abstract.

Metzner, J., Bekemeier, H., Paintz, M., and et al. [On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author's transl)]. Pharmazie 1979;34(2):97-102. View abstract.

Miyares, C., Hollands, I., Castaneda C, and et al. [Clinical trial with a preparation based on propolis "propolisina" in human giardiasis]. Acta Gastroenterol.Latinoam. 1988;18(3):195-201. View abstract.

Montoro, A., Almonacid, M., Serrano, J., Saiz, M., Barquinero, J. F., Barrios, L., Verdu, G., Perez, J., and Villaescusa, J. I. Assessment by cytogenetic analysis of the radioprotection properties of propolis extract. Radiat.Prot.Dosimetry. 2005;115(1-4):461-464. View abstract.

Munstedt, K., Hellner, M., Hackethal, A., Winter, D., and von Georgi, R. Contact allergy to propolis in beekeepers. Allergol.Immunopathol.(Madr.) 2007;35(3):95-100. View abstract.

Murray, M. C., Worthington, H. V., and Blinkhorn, A. S. A study to investigate the effect of a propolis-containing mouthrinse on the inhibition of de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(11):796-798. View abstract.

Naito, Y., Yasumuro, M., Kondou, K., and Ohara, N. Antiinflammatory effect of topically applied propolis extract in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema. Phytother Res 2007;21(5):452-456. View abstract.

Nakamura, T. Sensitivity to propolis in Japan. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18(5):313. View abstract.

Nostro, A., Cellini, L., Di Bartolomeo, S., Cannatelli, M. A., Di Campli, E., Procopio, F., Grande, R., Marzio, L., and Alonzo, V. Effects of combining extracts (from propolis or Zingiber officinale) with clarithromycin on Helicobacter pylori. Phytother.Res 2006;20(3):187-190. View abstract.

Oliveira, A. C., Shinobu, C. S., Longhini, R., Franco, S. L., and Svidzinski, T. I. Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from onychomycosis lesions. Mem.Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101(5):493-497. View abstract.

Oncag, O., Cogulu, D., Uzel, A., and Sorkun, K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. Gen.Dent 2006;54(5):319-322. View abstract.

Orsolic, N., Knezevic, A. H., Sver, L., Terzic, S., and Basic, I. Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(2-3):307-315. View abstract.

Orsolic, N., Saranovic, A. B., and Basic, I. Direct and indirect mechanism(s) of antitumour activity of propolis and its polyphenolic compounds. Planta Med 2006;72(1):20-27. View abstract.

Ozan, F., Polat, Z. A., Er, K., Ozan, U., and Deger, O. Effect of propolis on survival of periodontal ligament cells: new storage media for avulsed teeth. J Endod. 2007;33(5):570-573. View abstract.

Ozkul, Y., Eroglu, H. E., and Ok, E. Genotoxic potential of Turkish propolis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Pharmazie 2006;61(7):638-640. View abstract.

Ozkul, Y., Silici, S., and Eroglu, E. The anticarcinogenic effect of propolis in human lymphocytes culture. Phytomedicine 2005;12(10):742-747. View abstract.

Pascual, C., Gonzalez, R., and Torricella, R. G. Scavenging action of propolis extract against oxygen radicals. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41(1-2):9-13. View abstract.

Pasolini, G., Semenza, D., Capezzera, R., Sala, R., Zane, C., Rodella, R., and Calzavara-Pinton, P. Allergic contact cheilitis induced by repeated contact with propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50(5):322-323. View abstract.

Paulino, N., Teixeira, C., Martins, R., Scremin, A., Dirsch, V. M., Vollmar, A. M., Abreu, S. R., de Castro, S. L., and Marcucci, M. C. Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a Brazilian green propolis. Planta Med 2006;72(10):899-906. View abstract.

Pincelli, C., Motolese, A., and Pincelli, L. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(1):49. View abstract.

Pisco, L., Kordian, M., Peseke, K., Feist, H., Michalik, D., Estrada, E., Carvalho, J., Hamilton, G., Rando, D., and Quincoces, J. Synthesis of compounds with antiproliferative activity as analogues of prenylated natural products existing in Brazilian propolis. Eur J Med Chem 2006;41(3):401-407. View abstract.

Poppe, B. and Michaelis, H. [Results of a twice-yearly controlled oral hygiene activity using a propolis-containing toothpaste (double-blind study)]. Stomatol.DDR. 1986;36(4):195-203. View abstract.

Przybylski, J. and Scheller, S. [Early results in the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease using intra-articular injections of aqueous propolis extract]. Z Orthop.Ihre Grenzgeb. 1985;123(2):163-167. View abstract.

Raton, J. A., Aguirre, A., and Diaz-Perez, J. L. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22(3):183-184. View abstract.

Rudzki, E., Grzywa, Z., and Pomorski, Z. New data on dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13(3):198-199. View abstract.

Russo, A., Cardile, V., Sanchez, F., Troncoso, N., Vanella, A., and Garbarino, J. A. Chilean propolis: antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor cell lines. Life Sci. 12-17-2004;76(5):545-558. View abstract.

Russo, A., Troncoso, N., Sanchez, F., Garbarino, J. A., and Vanella, A. Propolis protects human spermatozoa from DNA damage caused by benzo[a]pyrene and exogenous reactive oxygen species. Life Sci 2-23-2006;78(13):1401-1406. View abstract.

Santana, Perez E., Lugones, Botell M., Perez, Stuart O, and et al. [Vaginal parasites and acute cervicitis: local treatment with propolis. Preliminary report]. Rev Cubana Enferm. 1995;11(1):51-56. View abstract.

Santos, V. R., Pimenta, F. J., Aguiar, M. C., do Carmo, M. A., Naves, M. D., and Mesquita, R. A. Oral candidiasis treatment with Brazilian ethanol propolis extract. Phytother Res 2005;19(7):652-654. View abstract.

Scheller, S., Gazda, G., Krol, W., and et al. The ability of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) to protect mice against gamma irradiation. Z Naturforsch [C.] 1989;44(11-12):1049-1052. View abstract.

Scheller, S., Tustanowski, J., Kurylo, B., Paradowski, Z., and Obuszko, Z. Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. III. Investigation of the sensitivity of Staphylococci isolated from pathological cases to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Attempts on inducing resistance in laboratory Staphylococcus strain to EEP. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(7):1395. View abstract.

Scheller, S., Wilczok, T., Imielski, S., and et al. Free radical scavenging by ethanol extract of propolis. Int J Radiat.Biol. 1990;57(3):461-465. View abstract.

Schmidt, H., Hampel, C. M., Schmidt, G., and et al. [Double-blind trial of the effect of a propolis-containing mouthwash on inflamed and healthy gingiva]. Stomatol.DDR. 1980;30(7):491-497. View abstract.

Schuler, T. M. and Frosch, P. J. [Propolis-induced contact allergy]. Hautarzt 1988;39(3):139-142. View abstract.

Scifo, C., Milasi, A., Guarnera, A., Sinatra, F., and Renis, M. Resveratrol and propolis extract: an insight into the morphological and molecular changes induced in DU145 cells. Oncol Res 2006;15(9):409-421. View abstract.

Sforcin, J. M., Fernandes, A., Jr., and et al. Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):243-249. View abstract.

Silici, S. and Koc, A. N. Comparative study of in vitro methods to analyse the antifungal activity of propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;43(3):318-324. View abstract.

Silvani, S., Spettoli, E., Stacul, F., and et al. Contact dermatitis in psoriasis due to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37(1):48-49. View abstract.

Siro, B., Szelekovszky, S., Lakatos, B., and et al. [Local treatment of rheumatic diseases with propolis compounds]. Orv.Hetil. 6-23-1996;137(25):1365-1370. View abstract.

Speciale, A., Costanzo, R., Puglisi, S., Musumeci, R., Catania, M. R., Caccamo, F., and Iauk, L. Antibacterial activity of propolis and its active principles alone and in combination with macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones against microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. J Chemother. 2006;18(2):164-171. View abstract.

Sroka, Z. The screening analysis of antiradical activity of some plant extracts. Postepy Hig.Med Dosw.(Online.) 2006;60:563-570. View abstract.

Steinberg, D., Kaine, G., and Gedalia, I. Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria. Am.J.Dent. 1996;9(6):236-239. View abstract.

Sterer, N. and Rubinstein, Y. Effect of various natural medicinals on salivary protein putrefaction and malodor production. Quintessence.Int 2006;37(8):653-658. View abstract.

Suzuki, K., Tanaka, I., Nakanishi, I., Kurematsu, A., Yakumaru, H., Ikota, N., and Ishihara, H. Drastic effect of several caffeic acid derivatives on the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression revealed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Biofactors 2006;28(3-4):151-158. View abstract.

Suzuki, T., Nishimaki-Mogami, T., Kawai, H., Kobayashi, T., Shinozaki, Y., Sato, Y., Hashimoto, T., Asakawa, Y., Inoue, K., Ohno, Y., Hayakawa, T., and Kawanishi, T. Screening of novel nuclear receptor agonists by a convenient reporter gene assay system using green fluorescent protein derivatives. Phytomedicine 2006;13(6):401-411. View abstract.

Takaisi-Kikuni, N. B. and Schilcher, H. Electron microscopic and microcalorimetric investigations of the possible mechanism of the antibacterial action of a defined propolis provenance. Planta Med 1994;60(3):222-227. View abstract.

Takara, K., Fujita, M., Matsubara, M., Minegaki, T., Kitada, N., Ohnishi, N., and Yokoyama, T. Effects of propolis extract on sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents in HeLa and resistant sublines. Phytother Res 2007;21(9):841-846. View abstract.

Teraki, Y. and Shiohara, T. Propolis-induced granulomatous contact dermatitis accompanied by marked lymphadenopathy. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(6):1277-1278. View abstract.

Thomas, P., Korting, H. C., and Przybilla, B. Propolis-induced allergic contact dermatitis mimicking pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(4):511-513. View abstract.

Ting, P. T. and Silver, S. Allergic contact dermatitis to propolis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3(6):685-686. View abstract.

Tobin, A. M. and Kirby, B. Airborne contact dermatitis induced by a neighbour's beehives. Contact Dermatitis 2003;49(4):214-215. View abstract.

Tosti, A., Caponeri, G. M., Bardazzi, F., and et al. Propolis contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12(4):227-228. View abstract.

Trevisan, G. and Kokelj, F. Contact dermatitis from propolis: role of gastrointestinal absorption. Contact Dermatitis 1987;16(1):48. View abstract.

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Xiang, D., Wang, D., He, Y., Xie, J., Zhong, Z., Li, Z., and Xie, J. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces growth arrest and apoptosis of colon cancer cells via the beta-catenin/T-cell factor signaling. Anticancer Drugs 2006;17(7):753-762. View abstract.

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Hashimoto T, Tori M, Asakawa Y, Wollenweber E. Synthesis of two allergenic constituents of propolis and poplar bud excretion. Z Naturforsch [C] 1988;43:470-2. View abstract.

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Park YK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of propolis on oral microorganisms. Curr Microbiol 1998;36:24-8. View abstract.

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Santos FA, Bastos EM, Uzeda M, et al. Antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis and fractions against oral anaerobic bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;80:1-7. View abstract.

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